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The Convict Cichlid (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) is a fascinating and undeniably hardy freshwater fish, renowned for its striking appearance and surprisingly complex behavior. Native to Central America, these cichlids get their common name from their distinctive vertical black and white, or black and grey, stripes that resemble a prisoner's uniform. Males are generally larger, growing up to 5-6 inches, with more pointed dorsal and anal fins, while females are slightly smaller, often displaying a vibrant orange or red patch on their dorsal fin and flanks, especially when in breeding condition. While their appearance is captivating, their temperament is what truly defines them. Convict Cichlids are notoriously aggressive and highly territorial, especially during breeding. They are not suitable for general community tanks with docile fish. They thrive best in a species-only tank or with other robust, equally aggressive cichlids of similar size, provided the tank is large enough to establish territories. Caring for Convict Cichlids is relatively straightforward, making them an excellent choice for experienced aquarists looking for a challenging but rewarding species, or even beginners who are well-informed about their specific needs. A minimum tank size of 20-30 gallons is recommended for a single pair, with larger tanks (50+ gallons) required for multiple individuals or a mixed cichlid setup. They are highly adaptable to a range of water parameters, preferring temperatures between 75-82°F (24-28°C), a pH of 6.5-8.0, and moderately hard water. Their aquarium setup should mimic their natural rocky habitats. Provide plenty of caves, rock formations, and driftwood for hiding spots and territory markers. A substrate of sand or fine gravel is ideal, as they are avid diggers and will rearrange the tank decor to their liking. Live plants are often uprooted, so consider sturdy, well-rooted options or artificial plants. Convicts are omnivorous and unfussy eaters, readily accepting a varied diet of high-quality cichlid pellets or flakes, supplemented with frozen or live foods like brine shrimp, bloodworms, and earthworms. This varied diet ensures optimal health and coloration. One of their most remarkable traits is their prolific breeding. They are incredibly easy to breed in captivity and exhibit strong parental care, with both parents guarding their eggs and fry fiercely. This makes them a popular choice for those interested in observing cichlid breeding behavior. Despite their aggressive reputation, their intelligence, vibrant appearance, and engaging behavior make the Convict Cichlid a truly unique and rewarding addition to the right aquarium.

Extremely aggressive when breeding.